Free Electric Text Books

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/

Learn Engineering.ORG

YOUTUBE 
 Good videos explaining technical information

How Electricity works...animated

3-way & 4-way Switches: How they work

3-way switches 4-way switches

Electrical Notes

I've received an apprenticeship position in the electrical field (construction). I find the information invaluable as it only comes from experience in the field.

I have jotted notes down so I'll relay them as best I can here. (And Probably organize them at a later date.)

Motor Controls

 http://www.amatrol.com/coursepage/85-mt5/

Remember the Green parts on the board represent Grounding and ALL should be connected to ground![including the motor]
the green wire means: I don't want to die!

Start Stop Station for a motor only going in one direction (forward)
click this for a closer view 
[ the connection from the control transformer exits X1 and continues to connect in series with the red stop button ]

 Click this for a closer view
Here is an electrical interlock that prevents forward and reverse from energizing at the same time.

Note: In the electrical Interlock Notice the reversing contactor station. L1, L2, & L3 Is the same for reverse as it is for forward except exiting the Reverse Contactor T1 reverse connects to T3 Forward, T2 Reverse to T2 Forward, and T3 Reverse to T1 Forward.
(switching any 2 of these will reverse the polarity and cause the motor to run in the reverse direction.)

Practice/ Learn terms Final 

Flow and Final Control Elements

 practice quiz

Flow Measurement Presentation




Control Valves Presentation

Identify the: Plug, Seat Ring, Spring-loaded PTFE V-ring packing, Diaphragm & stem Shown in up Position, Actuator Spring, Actuator Stem, Stem Connector, Yoke, Travel Indicator Disk, Indicator Scale (Answer)

Advanced PLCs

Room to learn

Optical Instruments

 Optical Instruments
Chapter 3

1.    What is an absorption band?



2.    In an optical analyzer, what monitors, interprets, and displays the results?




3.    Does the value of the reference wavelength output change if the temperature of the sample changes?



4.    What kind of optical analyzer requires the addition of two chemical reagents to the sample before it enters the sample chamber?



5.    What are two types of analyzers, often used together, that use a photocell to measure solids in suspension?



6.    What is used mainly to measure one component in a gaseous process stream?



7.    What should you have running when you take grab samples for optical analyzer calibration?



8.    Why must the optical path of a gas analyzer be kept at a constant temperature?



9.    What is the most important caution when working with optical analyzers?



10. How can you detect instrument insensitivity caused by changes in temperature?

Analytical Loop Sheet & Review Test

*pp = paragraph

PDF Look on page 49
Image of Loop sheet with Some analytical symbols 

Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (About on wikipedia.org) 

Interpreting Instrument Diagram Symbols

Definitions: Conductivity, Conductance, Resistivity, Resistance,Cell Constant, PH, ORP

• Conductance - A measure of the ability of a circuit to pass current.(pp* 1.03)
• Conductivity- Of a substance is the conductance of a unit length & cross-sectional area of that substance.(pp 1.04)
• Resistance - a measure of the ability of an electrical circuit to oppose current flow. (pp 1.03)

How is  the Cell constant is determined & what the cell constant for conductivity instrument designates.

Dissociation : the miracle property of water

Know how these are made: Conductivity Probe, PH probe, ORP probe
Relative to how each are constructed

Know Maximum Temperature & Pressure limits for conductivity, PH, & ORP probes.

Know the unit of measurement for conductivity, PH & ORP

Have a good understanding of What Grab sampling is

Should be able to follow the flow through the sample conditioning systems shown in the first 2 chapters of your analytical book

will have on test
-Pressure Reduction Sample conditioning system
-Temperature Reduction Sample conditioning system
- Calibration inhancement sample conditioning systems

Know the 'innereds' of conductivity relative to the two basic conductivity _probe assemblies_ you're going to find.

What probe should not be used in metal piping?
Ans: Conductive Probe

Which one is the Inductive Probe?
the one with a hole in the middle. why does it have the hole?
 Ans: Inducing current flow in the center out
Through the use of 2 coils the primary coil and the secondary coil. The 2nd coil measures the induced current caused by the Primary coil.

what in the water is giving a path for the current?
Ans: ions

 The current flow (in the loop of the inductive probe) will only be as much as what?
Ans: As the number of ions you find in it.

In conductivity the path for current to flow is ionic.

In Pure water what do we do? What is the attempt made to purify water?
To remove contamination at the ionic level (not just the visual level).

•  Until we remove the dissolved ion contamination the water may appear pure, but it is not pure.

If an analytical system removes the sample from the process what type of system  would we call that?

Vs. the type of system we would tag if we placed the probe directly into the process.

• 2 types are? 
• Incitu- probe directly in the process,  
• Extractive-the process must be conditioned before being presented to the probe

Retractable probe (placed in process) process is below the limits set by the manufacturer of the probe is referred to as an incitu analysis the probe is directly in the process.

If we have sample conditioning system where we have to do pressure or remove heat or filter that is refered to as an extractive analytical operation Brought to instrument for analysis.

Definitions for temperature labs on test.

Calibration

(1)A test during which known values of pressure are applied to the transducer and corresponding output readings are recorded under specified conditions.
(2)The matching of a pressure controller or indicator to the characteristics of a specific transducer. Most frequently done utilizing span resistor internal to the pressure transducer. Procedure is termed RCal.
(3)Adjustment of an instrument to standards of known accuracy and stability. (http://www.viatran.com/glossary#C)

 Calibrating the transmitter increases the measurement precision by allowing
corrections to be made to the factory-stored characterization curve by digitally
altering the transmitter’s interpretation of the sensor input.

To understand calibration, it is necessary to understand that smart
transmitters operate differently from analog transmitters. An important
difference is that smart transmitters are factory-characterized, meaning that
they are shipped with a standard sensor curve stored in the transmitter
firmware. In operation, the transmitter uses this information to produce a
process variable output, in engineering units, dependent on the sensor input.
(PDF of 644 Smart Temp TRansmitter page47)

Calibration

is used to perform such operations as

performing a sensor trim, D/A trim, and scaled D/A trim. (Hart 375 Manual PDF page 53)

Loop test

is used to set the output of the device at aspecified analog value, and may be used to test the integrity of the loop and the operation of indicators, recorders, or similar devices in the loop. (Hart 375 Manual PDF page 53)

Loop test verifies the output of the transmitter, the integrity of the
loop, and the operations of any recorders or similar devices installed in
the loop. (PDF of 644 Smart Temp TRansmitter page41)

Reranging

A procedure allowing the modifications of configuration values and parameters that change the transmitter 4-20 mA output settings in response to input pressure readings.(http://www.viatran.com/glossary#R)

Rerange
Reranging the transmitter sets the measurement range to the limits of
expected readings. Setting the measurement range to the limits of expected
readings maximizes transmitter performance; the transmitter is most accurate
when operated within the expected temperature range for your application.

(PDF of 644 Smart Temp TRansmitter page44)

Sensor Trim

A digital trim procedure which permits the adjustment of a digital process variable to a precisely known input pressure. Zero Trim and Full Trim are the two Sensor Trim functions.(http://www.viatran.com/glossary#S)

Sensor Input Trim
Perform a sensor trim if the transmitters digital value for the primary
variable does not match the plant’s standard calibration equipment. The
sensor trim function calibrates the sensor to the transmitter in temperature
units or raw units. Unless your site-standard input source is
NIST-traceable, the trim functions will not maintain the NIST-traceability of
the system.

The Sensor Input Trim command allows the transmitter’s interpretation of
the input signal to be digitally altered (see Figure 3-5). The sensor
reference command trims, in engineering (F, °C, °R, K) or raw (Ω, mV)
units, the combined sensor and transmitter system to a site standard using
a known temperature source. Sensor trimming is suitable for validation
procedures or for applications that require calibrating the sensor and
transmitter together. (PDF of 644 Smart Temp TRansmitter page48)

• Know the difference between your reference & measurement electrodes. How they are constructed & what their purpose is.(there is a purpose for each one)
• Probes are an asssembly with electrodes & what other device does each probe assembly consist of ?
• What other device does it have to contain when measure Ph or ORP conductivity?
• Ans. RTD (resistance temperature detector)

Need to know what the PH scale is 0-14. What portion of the PH scale is Neutral, Acidic, and Basic?

Buffers / standards for determination are always 4,7,& 10

You use two for 2-point sampling (not as reliable as 1-point grab sampling <---resist that as much as you can - great as a means of checking the machine, but stinks as a means of checking Ph & ORP not the path you want to take)

3 PH buffers you want to calibrate your electrode
3 conditions you are likely to find

• Acid stream (always below 7)   use a 4,7 buffer
• Caustic or Basic Stream (always above 7) use 7,10 buffer
• Neutralization Process where ph runs both above & below 7, where 7 is the stated goal in neutralization. In this instance use the 4& 10 buffer (typically for calibration)

Be able to answer following Qs:

• Liquids with an oxidizing potential have a(n) ___ of electrons & a  ____ polarity.
• A. Excess, Negative
• B. Excess, Positive
• C. Shortage, Negative
• D. Shortage, Positive
• What is the solution for the reference electrode for the Ph or ORP probe?
• Ans: KCl         (Potassium Chloride)

  Span Math Sheet on Test

Loop Sheet on Test ----------Analytical Loop Sheet (more complicated loopsheet )

Image of Loop sheet with Some analytical symbols  example found

Interpreting Instrument Diagram Symbols

Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (About on wikipedia.org) 

Where can the definitions can be found from labs
in 644 & 3144 Temp. manuals online.

Everything On Review

Questions To turn in on test day

CHAPTER ONE

1. What is the unit of measurement for conductance?

Siemens  Symbolized with G

2. Why does pure water have low conductivity?

low ion concentration

3. When you increase the temperature of a liquid, what happens to its conductivity?

it increases

4. No direct contact is necessary between the coils and the solution in what type of probe?

Inductive Probe

5. What kind of contact with hazardous calibration liquids should you always avoid?

Avoid Skin or eye contact

6. How can you check a probe’s accuracy against off-line instruments?

7. What type of probe should you  never install in a steel pipe?

Conductive Probe

8. In a conductivity probe, what must always be completely covered by the process liquid?

9. What should you always follow to install or remove a probe?

10. What monitors the exposure of a worker to a particular gas?

CHAPTER 2

1. What is a measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a process liquid?

2. What is the pH of a neutral solution?

3. What is the unit of ORP measurement?

4. What are the two electrodes that make up pH and ORP probes?

5. What must you use for calibration if the process liquid chemicals cannot be duplicated in a buffer solution?

6. What device indicates when filters need to be replaced or backflushed?

7. In a pH or ORP installation, must the pressure at the outlet be higher or lower than the inlet pressure?

8. What is the maximum temperature most pH or ORP electrodes can withstand?

9. What device is used in a pH or ORP installation to lower the temperature of the process liquid to an acceptable level?

10. What kind of electrode can be installed or removed without shutting down the process system?

Deadweight Tester

AMETEK® PK II Pneumatic Deadweight Tester Operating Instructions

 

Operating instruction start on page 20

Chemistry (related to instrumentation)

Chemistry

http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/socratic/sinst/book/liii_1v36.pdf

See PDF Pages 241-298
(57 pages total)

Hart Communicator Test with RTD & Thermocouple

 Basic Concept of Hart PDF page 1024
http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/socratic/sinst/book/liii_1v36.pdf
(be willing to wait just a moment file size is large)

Ibid: PDF page 1435 about RTDs ,1443 about sensor connections
Ibid: PDF page 1447 about thermocouples, 1450 Types, 1469 about temp indicator connected to one.

Key Terms for Hart Communicator Test

Calibration

(1)A test during which known values of pressure are applied to the transducer and corresponding output readings are recorded under specified conditions.
(2)The matching of a pressure controller or indicator to the characteristics of a specific transducer. Most frequently done utilizing span resistor internal to the pressure transducer. Procedure is termed RCal.
(3)Adjustment of an instrument to standards of known accuracy and stability. (http://www.viatran.com/glossary#C)

Calibration

is used to perform such operations as

performing a sensor trim, D/A trim, and scaled D/A trim. (Hart 375 Manual PDF page 53)

Loop test

is used to set the output of the device at aspecified analog value, and may be used to test the integrity of the loop and the operation of indicators, recorders, or similar devices in the loop. (Hart 375 Manual PDF page 53)

Reranging

A procedure allowing the modifications of configuration values and parameters that change the transmitter 4-20 mA output settings in response to input pressure readings.(http://www.viatran.com/glossary#R)

Sensor Trim

A digital trim procedure which permits the adjustment of a digital process variable to a precisely known input pressure. Zero Trim and Full Trim are the two Sensor Trim functions.(http://www.viatran.com/glossary#S)


Questions:

• What does the Dry Block Calibrator do?  ___ , ___ 

My Answer???:  Heat, Cool (Brief Reference see top of page 2)

• How does the RTD calibrator Simulate the Temperature scale?

• How does the thermocouple calibrator change the temperature scale setting? (Ex: betwxt K, J , T )  

My answer:  By pressing the store button

Derrick TassinOctober 6, 2013 at 12:58 PM

To change the temperature scale setting for the thermocouple calibrator, on the service manuel it says to use the dip switches, and to change t/c type to use the scroll button.

____ is always the negative ____

My answer: (concerning thermocouples)
the red , wire is always negative

Pressure & Level Class Labs

 About the Differential Pressure Transmitter PDF Page 1261
 http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/socratic/sinst/book/liii_1v36.pdf

Hart 275 Manual ***Link

Rosemount 3051  Reference Manual

 

 

Rerange (pfd p. 54) The Range Values command sets each of the lower and upper range analog

values (4 and 20 mA points and 1 and 5 Vdc points) to a pressure. The lower

range point represents 0% of range and the upper range point represents

100% of range. In practice, the transmitter range values may be changed as

often as necessary to reflect changing process requirements. For a complete

listing of Range & Sensor limits, refer to “Range and Sensor Limits” on

page A-4.

NOTE

Transmitters are shipped from Emerson Process Management fully calibrated

per request or by the factory default of full scale (zero to upper range limit).

NOTE

Regardless of the range points, the 3051 will measure and report all readings

within the digital limits of the sensor. For example, if the 4 and 20 mA points

are set to 0 and 10 inH2O, and the transmitter detects a pressure of 25 inH2O,

it digitally outputs the 25 inH2O reading and a 250% of range reading.

 

P.56

Reranging using the Field Communicator and applied pressure is a way of

reranging the transmitter when specific 4 and 20 mA points (1 and 5 Vdc

points) are not calculated.

 

Sensor Trim

P. 80

Sensor Trim Overview

Trim the sensor using either sensor or zero trim functions. Trim functions vary

in complexity and are application-dependent. Both trim functions alter the

transmitter’s interpretation of the input signal.

…
Sensor trim is a two-point sensor calibration where two end-point pressures

are applied, and all output is linearized between them. Always adjust the low

trim value first to establish the correct offset. Adjustment of the high trim value

provides a slope correction to the characterization curve based on the low

trim value. The trim values allow you to optimize performance over your

specified measuring range at the calibration temperature.

 

See next page--à

 

 

ANALOG OUTPUT TRIM   --------(Digital-to-Analog Trim)

p. 77

The Analog Output Trim commands allow you to adjust the transmitter’s

current output at the 4 and 20 mA (1 and 5 Vdc) points to match the plant

standards. This command adjusts the digital to analog signal conversion.

Zero Trim 275 Hart Communicator--- 

HART sensor trim upper 275

HART communicator connection points Communicator loop resistance video

•  Read this PDF on JouleDeadweight Tester
• *operating instructions start on p. 20

•  Blog post